US Income Tax Calculator 2024
Estimate your 2024 US federal income tax by filing status with a full bracket-by-bracket breakdown. See your effective tax rate, marginal rate, and monthly take-home pay — plus a plain-English guide to how the progressive tax system works.
Federal Tax Breakdown
Tax by Bracket
How to Use This Tool
- Enter your annual gross income.
- Select your filing status: Single, Married Filing Jointly, or Head of Household.
- Choose the Standard Deduction, or select Custom / Itemized Deduction and enter your total.
- The calculator subtracts your deduction from gross income to find taxable income.
- Taxable income is taxed bracket-by-bracket using the 2024 progressive federal brackets for your filing status.
- Review your federal tax, effective tax rate, marginal tax rate, and after-tax income.
Formula & How It Works
Taxable Income
Taxable Income = Gross Income − DeductionDeduction is the 2024 Standard Deduction ($14,600 single / $29,200 married filing jointly / $21,900 head of household) unless you choose a custom/itemized amount.
Federal Tax (2024 brackets)
Federal Tax = Σ (Taxable Income in Bracket × Bracket Rate) across the 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, 37% bracketsBracket thresholds differ by filing status. Only the portion of taxable income within each bracket is taxed at that bracket's rate.
Effective Tax Rate
Effective Rate = (Federal Tax ÷ Gross Income) × 100This is your average tax rate across all income, always lower than your marginal rate under a progressive system.
Marginal Tax Rate
Marginal Rate = rate of the highest bracket your taxable income reachesThis is the rate applied to your next (or last) dollar of taxable income.
After-Tax Income
After-Tax Income = Gross Income − Federal TaxThis reflects federal income tax only — it does not subtract FICA, state tax, or other withholdings.
Practical Examples & Common Use Cases
Example: $75,000 income, single filer, standard deduction
Taxable income: $75,000 − $14,600 = $60,400. Tax: 10% on $11,600 ($1,160) + 12% on $35,550 ($4,266) + 22% on the remaining $13,250 ($2,915) = $8,341 total federal tax. Effective rate: $8,341 ÷ $75,000 = 11.1%. Marginal rate: 22%.
Example: $150,000 income, married filing jointly, standard deduction
Taxable income: $150,000 − $29,200 = $120,800. Tax: 10% on $23,200 ($2,320) + 12% on $71,100 ($8,532) + 22% on the remaining $26,500 ($5,830) = $16,682 total federal tax. Effective rate: $16,682 ÷ $150,000 = 11.1%. Marginal rate: 22%.
Example: $45,000 income, head of household, standard deduction
Taxable income: $45,000 − $21,900 = $23,100. Tax: 10% on $16,550 ($1,655) + 12% on the remaining $6,550 ($786) = $2,441 total federal tax. Effective rate: $2,441 ÷ $45,000 = 5.4%. Marginal rate: 12%.
Frequently Asked Questions
Your marginal rate is the rate applied to your last dollar of taxable income — the top bracket you reach. Your effective rate is your total tax divided by your total income. Because the US uses a progressive system, your effective rate is always lower than your marginal rate. A $75,000 single filer has a 22% marginal rate but only an ~11% effective rate.
This calculator uses 2024 federal income tax brackets and standard deduction amounts as published by the IRS. Tax brackets are adjusted for inflation each year.
For 2024: $14,600 for single filers, $29,200 for married filing jointly, and $21,900 for head of household. These amounts are adjusted for inflation annually. Most taxpayers benefit more from the standard deduction than from itemizing.
Itemize only if your eligible deductions (mortgage interest, state/local taxes up to $10,000, charitable contributions, qualifying medical expenses) exceed the standard deduction for your filing status. Since the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 doubled the standard deduction, roughly 90% of filers now use the standard deduction.
No. This calculator covers federal income tax only. Social Security (6.2% on wages up to $168,600) and Medicare (1.45% on all wages) are separate and total 7.65% for employees. Self-employed individuals pay the full 15.3%. These are not income taxes and are not affected by your filing status or deductions.
No. State income tax varies significantly: nine states have no income tax (Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, Wyoming), while California tops out at 13.3%. Your total tax burden can be significantly higher than the federal estimate shown here.
Married Filing Jointly generally results in lower taxes when one spouse earns significantly more than the other. However, when both spouses earn similar high incomes, the "marriage penalty" can push combined income into higher brackets. Use this calculator to compare both scenarios.
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